In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko identified that the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is generally mainly because of the lack of oxygen in Nb2O5, utilised to be a raw product Original melt (Czochralski approach) [186]. Appropriately, based on its creation engineering, niobium pentoxide can undertake an array of compositions Nb2O5−x. https://paxtonfjkjk.59bloggers.com/33039265/lithium-niobate-crystal-an-overview